Provenance ledger
Sources you can inspect.
Eurostat, national statistics offices, open government data and other licence-clean references. Numbeo is not used.
World Bank — Price level index, household consumption (PA.NUS.PRVT.PLI)
Source: World Bank ICP (PA.NUS.PRVT.PLI)
CC-BY-4.0World Bank — GNI per capita, PPP (NY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD)
Source: World Bank (NY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD)
CC-BY-4.0World Bank — Life expectancy at birth (SP.DYN.LE00.IN)
Source: World Bank (SP.DYN.LE00.IN)
CC-BY-4.0Eurostat — Annual net earnings (earn_nt_net)
Source: Eurostat (earn_nt_net)
CC-BY-4.0World Bank — PM2.5 mean annual exposure (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3)
Source: World Bank (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3)
CC-BY-4.0World Bank / UNODC — Intentional homicides per 100k (VC.IHR.PSRC.P5)
Source: UNODC via World Bank (VC.IHR.PSRC.P5)
CC-BY-4.0World Bank / ITU — Individuals using the Internet, % (IT.NET.USER.ZS)
Source: ITU via World Bank (IT.NET.USER.ZS)
CC-BY-4.0World Bank — Tax revenue % of GDP (GC.TAX.TOTL.GD.ZS)
Source: World Bank (GC.TAX.TOTL.GD.ZS)
CC-BY-4.0NASA POWER — climatology (T2M temperature; PRECTOTCORR precipitation)
Climate: NASA POWER (CC BY 4.0)
CC-BY-4.0GeoNames geographical database — global city identity fallback
City identity: GeoNames (CC BY 4.0)
CC-BY-4.0Eurostat — Price level indices, household final consumption (tec00120 / prc_ppp_ind_1)
Source: Eurostat (tec00120)
CC-BY-4.0Eurostat — Electricity prices for household consumers (nrg_pc_204)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_204)
CC-BY-4.0Eurostat — Main national accounts tax aggregates (gov_10a_taxag)
Source: Eurostat (gov_10a_taxag)
CC-BY-4.0Eurostat — Police-recorded offences by category (crim_off_cat)
Source: Eurostat (crim_off_cat)
CC-BY-4.0Eurostat — Life expectancy at birth (tps00205 / demo_mlexpec)
Source: Eurostat (tps00205)
CC-BY-4.0Wikidata — coordinates, population, timezone, ISO codes, official languages
Geographic base: Wikidata (CC0)
CC0Climate normals 1991-2020 (WMO / national meteorological services, via Wikipedia climate tables)
Climate normals: WMO / national meteorological services
Facts / CC-BY-SA-4.0OpenStreetMap coastline — derived distance to sea
© OpenStreetMap contributors
ODbL-1.0OurAirports — airport locations
Airport data: OurAirports (public domain)
PD-UnlicenseStatistics Canada / CMHC — Average rents for areas with 10,000+ population
Rent: Statistics Canada and CMHC, table 34-10-0133
Statistics Canada Open LicenceManual curation (pending) — rent overlay + other manually-seeded values
Manually curated; source cited per value
per-value (cited at seeding)Hong Kong Rating and Valuation Department — Private domestic average rents by class
Rent: Hong Kong Rating and Valuation Department
Hong Kong PSI Terms of UseDerived distance to mountains (>1500 m), from public elevation/peak data
Elevation: SRTM/Copernicus DEM; peaks: © OpenStreetMap contributors
PD / ODbL-1.0EFEHR / ESHM20 — European Seismic Hazard Model 2020
Seismic hazard: EFEHR / ESHM20
CC-BY-4.0EEA — European city air quality ranking, annual mean PM2.5 (2-year mean)
Air quality: © European Environment Agency
EEA reuse with attributionWorld Bank — PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3)
Source: World Bank (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3)
CC-BY-4.0Eurostat — Broadband internet coverage by technology (isoc_cbt)
Source: Eurostat (isoc_cbt) / EC DG CNECT
CC-BY-4.0Eurostat — Number of foreign languages known, self-reported (edat_aes_l21)
Source: Eurostat (edat_aes_l21)
CC-BY-4.0Documented public-transport provision ordinal (rapid-transit systems + city size)
Transit provision: documented ordinal (World Decision)
facts / method documented in SEED_NOTESDerived rent estimate — Eurostat price-level index × documented city tier
Rent estimate: derived from Eurostat PLI (tec00120); World Decision model
derived (from Eurostat CC-BY-4.0 tec00120) — method documentedDeloitte Property Index 2025 (14th edition) — 'Average Monthly Rent per sqm in EUR, 2024' (77 cities)
Rent reference: Deloitte Property Index 2025 (avg monthly rent €/m², 2024)
Published index — cited as reference/cross-check (priority 4). © Deloitte.Ministerio de Vivienda y Agenda Urbana — SERPAVI (Sistema Estatal de Referencia del Precio del Alquiler de Vivienda), municipal median €/m²/month
Rent: Ministerio de Vivienda y Agenda Urbana — SERPAVI (2024)
Spanish public-sector reuse (official ministry data from AEAT tax records)ANIL / DGALN — Carte des loyers (indicateurs de loyers d'annonce par commune, 2025), €/m²/mois charges comprises
Rent: ANIL / DGALN — Carte des loyers 2025 (Licence Ouverte)
Licence Ouverte / Etalab 2.0 (open, reusable with attribution)ONS — Private rental market summary statistics in England (one-bedroom median monthly rent)
Rent: ONS Private rental market summary statistics (OGL) — GBP→EUR ECB
Open Government Licence v3.0Scottish Government — Private Sector Rent Statistics, 1-bedroom (mean by Broad Rental Market Area)
Rent: Scottish Government Private Sector Rent Statistics (OGL) — GBP→EUR ECB
Open Government Licence v3.0Residential Tenancies Board — RTB Rent Index Q4 2025 (standardised avg rent, 1-bed apartment, new tenancies)
Rent: RTB Rent Index Q4 2025 (standardised, 1-bed, new tenancies)
RTB / ESRI — reusable official statistics with attributionStatistics Norway (SSB) — Rental market survey (Leiemarkedsundersøkelsen), table 09895, avg monthly rent 2-room
Rent: Statistics Norway (SSB) table 09895 (2025) — NOK→EUR ECB
CC-BY 4.0 (Statistics Norway)Statistics Sweden (SCB) — Rents for dwellings, table BO0406, avg monthly rent 2-room
Rent: Statistics Sweden (SCB) BO0406 (2025) — SEK→EUR ECB
CC (Statistics Sweden official statistics)Statistics Finland — Rents of dwellings, StatFin table 15fa, free-market €/m²/month 2-room
Rent: Statistics Finland StatFin 15fa (2026Q2)
CC-BY 4.0 (Statistics Finland)Swiss Federal Statistical Office (BFS) — Structural rent statistics, table T 09.03.03.42, avg NET rent 2-room
Rent: Swiss FSO (BFS) structural rent statistics — CHF→EUR ECB
BFS reuse with attribution (Swiss official statistics)Statistik Austria — Wohnen 2024 (Mikrozensus-Wohnungserhebung), average rent €/m²
Rent: Statistik Austria — Wohnen 2024
CC-BY 4.0 (Statistik Austria)Statistics Portugal (INE) — Rendas de novos contratos de arrendamento de habitação, median €/m²/month by município
Rent: Statistics Portugal (INE) — new-contract median rents (2024)
INE reuse with attribution (Portuguese official statistics)Agenzia delle Entrate — OMI (Osservatorio del Mercato Immobiliare), quotazioni locazioni residenziali €/m²/month
Rent: Agenzia delle Entrate — OMI quotazioni (2° sem 2025)
OMI open data (Italian revenue agency, reusable with attribution)GURS (Surveying & Mapping Authority) — ETN registered-contract rents, Ljubljana, via Urban Planning Institute (UIRS) analysis
Rent: GURS ETN registered contracts (Ljubljana, 2024)
GURS/ETN official register data (reusable with attribution)European Central Bank euro reference exchange rates (via Frankfurter API), 2026-08-28
FX: ECB euro reference rates (2026-08-28)
ECB reuse with attribution