japan · City evidence profile
A transparent profile—not a promise. Low-confidence, estimated and stale values are clearly marked.
Use in my decisionScoring coverage
current, score-eligible measures
Central-government tax revenue % GDP; excludes social contributions and is not directly comparable to the EU definition
As of 1993 · stale, not scored · World Bank — Tax revenue % of GDP (GC.TAX.TOTL.GD.ZS) · inherited from japanNASA POWER PRECTOTCORR monthly mm/day weighted by days per month
As of climatology · NASA POWER — climatology (T2M temperature; PRECTOTCORR precipitation)Published sunshine-hour normal pending; NASA irradiance is not inserted into hours/year
As of pending · Climate normals 1991-2020 (WMO / national meteorological services, via Wikipedia climate tables)OSM/Overpass stop-density pending
As of pending · Documented public-transport provision ordinal (rapid-transit systems + city size)Pending global DEM/OSM peak calculation
As of pending · Derived distance to mountains (>1500 m), from public elevation/peak dataNASA POWER T2M annual climatological mean
As of climatology · NASA POWER — climatology (T2M temperature; PRECTOTCORR precipitation)USGS/ANSS city-point ordinal pending
As of pending · Manual curation (pending) — rent overlay + other manually-seeded valuesGreat-circle distance to nearest large or medium airport from OurAirports
As of 2026-08-30 · OurAirports — airport locationsPending OSM/Natural Earth coastline calculation
As of pending · OpenStreetMap coastline — derived distance to seaWorld Bank indicator VC.IHR.PSRC.P5
As of 2023 · World Bank / UNODC — Intentional homicides per 100k (VC.IHR.PSRC.P5) · inherited from japanWorld Bank indicator SP.DYN.LE00.IN
As of 2024 · World Bank — Life expectancy at birth (SP.DYN.LE00.IN) · inherited from japanWorld Bank indicator IT.NET.USER.ZS
As of 2024 · World Bank / ITU — Individuals using the Internet, % (IT.NET.USER.ZS) · inherited from japanWorld Bank ICP PLI (household consumption, US=100) rebased to EU27=100 ×1.3274 from EU overlap
As of 2025 · World Bank — Price level index, household consumption (PA.NUS.PRVT.PLI) · inherited from japanEnglish not official; language-accessibility ordinal (no proficiency data — EF EPI is proprietary/banned)
As of 2026-08-30 · Wikidata — coordinates, population, timezone, ISO codes, official languages · inherited from japanWorld Bank indicator EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3
As of 2023 · World Bank — PM2.5 mean annual exposure (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3) · inherited from japanGross GNI per capita, PPP; not net take-home salary
As of 2025 · World Bank — GNI per capita, PPP (NY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD) · inherited from japanRent pending region-specific official-source overlay
As of pending · Manual curation (pending) — rent overlay + other manually-seeded values